During this period I have had to spend very much time on other things than writing the blog. More post will however be coming as soon as I can find more time. One theme that will be up coming on the Blog is Peak Oil. This is a very interesting subject but not a subject that is easy to understand and it holds a number of different perspectives. In this theme I will try to incorporate different kinds of perspectives both from those how are most pessimistic about Peak Oil but also from those how have a more positive approach to the subject. I will also continue writing about Natural Disasters and there will be a post about Hurricanes and Floods. Natural Disasters is one of the most obvious risks that presented to people all over the world, the recent volcanic eruption on Iceland has affected air travel over large parts of Europe something that has resulted in problems with travel for tens of thousands of people.
One of the best Scandinavian blogs about Survival and Survivalism “Innan det sker: Att leva efter 2012” has regrettably been canceled. This was the blog that pioneered the subject survivalism in Scandinavia written by the alias Despierto. I have enjoyed reading this blog and hopefully the writer will make a comeback sometime in the future.
I would also like to take the time and recommend the new site Ready.gov made by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) where you can find advice on how to prepare yourself for different kinds of crisis situations. If you want to learn more about FEMA and how they work I recommend that you check out their webpage where you can find guidelines for how the agency works with emergency preparedness. The National Response Framework is such an report.
Thursday, April 29, 2010
Sunday, April 11, 2010
Staying Warm During a Crisis or Survival Situation
Whe elements in cold weather conditions are a deadly threat during survival and crisis situations. The ability to stay warm can mean the difference between life and death. This is normally only a problem when in the outdoors but this can also become a problem during longer blackouts or if the access to gas stops functioning. This can also be the effect from political action such as the Russian Gas embargo against the Ukraine in January of 2009. In this post I will list some of the measures that you can take in order to reduce your vulnerability to these kinds of threats plus the symptoms and treatment for hypothermia.
Clothing
When being outdoors you need clothing that protects you from the elements and allows you stay warm. One of the most important aspects is principle of dressing in different layers. This allows you to adjust your clothing to different temperatures and conditions. The first layer of base layer should be made up of a material that transports sweat from your body, dries fast and gives a good insulation. There are many kinds of synthetic and natural materials that have this function; personally I prefer Merino wool as a base layer, for underwear and socks when I’m out on hunting, hiking or camping trips. Merino wool also has a good resistance against odors, but this doesn’t mean that the material won’t start to smell after extensive use under hard conditions. Another main advantage of merino wool is that it can be washed in 40 degrees in a normal washing machine, just avoid using softeners. No matter how well a material transports moisture you will get wet by sweat in hard conditions so always bring at least one extra base layer shirt, for summer conditions I recommend that you use a short sleeve t-shirt or tank top in some kind of breathable material. There are many companies that make base layers, Smartwool, Icebreaker, Aclima and Woolpower is some of my personal favorites.
For your middle layers there are many alternatives that should reflect what kind of climate you’re in. Fleace shirts are both light weight and have a very good insulation capacity, the main disadvantage is that fleece is a rather flammable material. For situations where fire may be a risk I recommend that you chose middle layers of merino wool. Another good alternatives for middle layers is sweaters filled with down or primaloft. These middle layers take up very little space when compressed and are extremely light. The main disadvantage is that down loses its insulation when wet and that these solutions often are expensive, Klättermusen, Montane and Patagonia makes some models.
Outer Layer – Shell Jackets
The outer shell jacket should be both wind and water proof. This is important; a combination of rain and wind can cause deadly hypothermia even in warm climates. There many materials and companies that make shell jackets and shell pants. I recommend shell jackets since these have the ability to “breath” and you will not become as sweaty in a shell jacket as a regular rain jacket. However in extreme conditions it can be good to have poncho or rain clothing that’s not breathing. It’s good if your jacket is not of short model so that it really overlaps over your pants, there are also high pants called salopettes that’s excellent for extreme weather and conditions. There are many companies making high quality shell jacket and pants like The North Face, Patagonia, 66 North, Fjällräven, Haglövs, Klättermusen, Houdini and Arcteryx only to name few. You can often find cheaper clothing on outlets, yard sales, E-bay and other sources. Military surplus can also be an alternative; the main disadvantage is that camouflage clothing can make you hard to find if you need help during an emergency situation.
Hat / Watch Cap
If you don’t protect your head with a scarf and hat much heat will be lost during cold weather. What kind of hat you should use depends on your climate, but for cold weather a model with wind stopper or Gore Tex can help to protect you from wind, rain and snow. A Buff is a multifunction product that can be used as a scarf, headband, balaclava and cap to name a few applications. There are many different kinds of Buffs, some for summer use with UV protection, other models have windstooper and fleece for winter use. Personally I like the model made from merino wool for winter use. A Shemag is another interesting piece of cloth that can used as scarf, towel or as an arm sling.
Shoes and Footwear
Your shoes are one of the most important clothing details in a survival situation. What kind of shoes you should chose depends on your climate and terrain, but for hiking, camping or hunting trips I recommend some kind of hiking boot. Hiking boots are expensive but a high quality pair will make your trips a much more comfortable and pleasant experience. Make sure to try your boots when they get wet, bring extra pair of socks so that you can change them regularly. Always start wearing your boots before your planning to use in order to break them in order to prevent blisters. However, if you’re wearing a heavy pack and have to walk long distances under though conditions you may get blisters anyway so always bring a blisters kit so that you can care for your feet.
Sleeping Bags
Sleeping bag come in many variations and forms for different kinds of climates. What kind of sleeping bag you should choose depends on many factors. Most sleeping bags use either Synthetic materials or Down as an insulation material. Down is an excellent material as long as it stays dry, if it gets wet it loses it insulation so make sure that you keep it dry, a waterproof compression bag can help keeping it dry under wet conditions. Synthetic materials often have a better insulation while wet making them a better choice for rainy and wet conditions. Some sleeping bag systems use two sleeping bags, one thinner for summer and spring conditions and one thicker bag that intended for winter use. These bags can be combined to give an outstanding cold weather capacity. Some companies that manufactures high quality sleeping bags are The North Face, Klättermusen, Western Mountaineering, Snugpak and Carinthia.
Sleeping Pads
It is very important that you insulate yourself from the ground in order to stay warm; otherwise much of your body heat will be transferred to the ground. Different kinds of sleeping pads are excellent for this purpose. There are low price variants from flat foam and more expensive inflatable models, some of them using either down or synthetic materials from companies such as Therm-A-Rest and Exped. In the northern parts of Sweden reindeer skins is a common alternative to use as insulation against the ground, the major disadvantage with these is that they are heavy and bulky, but they are excellent if you have the vehicles for transport.
Shelter
In order to shield yourself from wind and rain while setting up camp you need some kind of shelter. Tents is one of the best options, a four season tent is ideal for the cold weather conditions and can be used no matter if it is a warm summer night or roaring snow storm during the winter. Bivi-Bags are small shelters that only cover you and your sleeping bag. This kind of shelter is light weight and can be easily used if there is a sudden change in the weather. The Bivanorak is a combination shelters designed for Swedish Air Force pilots as an emergency survival shelter combining the traits of a Bivi-Bag and a Poncho. The Fjellduk from Helsport and Bivi-Poncho from Exped are two similar products. Tarps is another items that can used in a number of way to create shelter in an emergency situation, personally I prefer Tents, but if you’re on a budget and in a climate where Tarps work it can be a good alternative. Practice how to set up your tent before you go out on a hike, it can be hard enough the first time. Trying this for the first time during a storm when you’re shaking from hypothermia can be disastrous. High quality light weight tarps can be bought from Hilleberg and Terra Nova.
Larger Army surplus tents can often accommodate between eight to twenty people and often comes with small wood stows making them excellent for cold weather conditions a large groups. The main disadvantage is that they are very heavy and must often be transported with vehicles, but they can often be found to relatively low price and provide a large shelter where clothing can be dried and food can be prepared in shelter. If you have the money new larger tents ban be bought from companies like Tentipi or Helsport that have room for 5 to 12 people and the options of using woods stow for heating and cooking.
Army wool blankets are a very good alternative that’s both cheap and effective. These kinds of blankets is much better than a small emergency blanket to help persons suffering from hypothermia regaining their body heat and can also be used to put out fires since wool is a very fire resistant material. The main disadvantage is that they are heavy and take up much room in your pack; however they are perfect for your home or camping trips when you have access to vehicles.
One items that easy to carry is the Emergency blanket, this is a small lightweight blanket made from materials that reflect body heat back towards the body and provides some protection against the wind and rain. The main advantage is that they have a low weight and take up very little space so they can easily be used as every day carry. However I wish to stress that I don’t recommend anyone trying to camping with just an emergency blanket as cover, this is only an emergency solution.
Heaters For Your Home
Woods stows are one of the best heaters you can find if you live in an area where wood is easily accessible. However wood must be cut and dried in order to give the maximum effect, this is hard work and requires both time and preparation. Other solutions can be systems like the Heat-Pal, Kerosene heaters or Gas Powered Heaters. The major danger from these heaters is that they can cause carbon-monoxide poisoning if not used in well ventilated areas and start fires if not carefully monitored. It can be hard to heat your entire home, if you’re moving all the people in household to the same room you can keep this room warmer than if you spread out. You can also improvise smaller shelter inside your home or even set up a smaller shelter like a tent to keep small areas warm. Thick carpets and blankets can be used to too create insulate from the cold floor indoors. If you live in a house make sure that you have a good insulation in your house, pay extra attention to the windows and doors. It can be a good idea share beds in order to share body heat during the night.
The Crisis Situation
You can sometimes find yourself in emergency with no or little warning, your car can break down, and the weather might change on hiking trip in the mountains or during longer power blackouts. If you carry a Pocket Survival Kit you will carry some items that can help you get a fire starting to provide both heat and light that can attract attention. A Survival Knife is valuable tool that can be used to improvise a shelter. Wash your cloth in order to maximize the insulation. Make sure to drink enough water, dehydration increases the risk of hypothermia, this is extra important since you may not feel thirsty in cold climates even if you are dehydrated.
The Importance Of Not Being Alone
It’s easy to ignore the symptoms of hypothermia and not take action before you are already in trouble. One of the best things you can do to increase your chances to survive is to always bring someone with you when you’re going on a camping, hiking or hunting trip that can help you look out for the signs of hypothermia. It’s always good to have an extra pair of hands when setting up a tent or shelter under hard conditions. If the worst would happen and you would get hurt in the wild an unable to call for help the company of friends can mean the difference between life and death.
Improvising
During a crisis situation you might not have equipment to shield from the elements so you might have to improvise shelter from what you can find. Use all the clothing you can find and use as many layers as possible. Remember to cover your head since much heat will be lost if you don’t do this. Paper can be used to trap extra air create extra insulation between the layers of your clothing. In nature materials like white moss can be used for clothing and spruce twigs can be used to create insulation against the ground. Gras can be used to create extra insulation for shoes. Warm stones from your fire place can be placed inside clothing in your sleeping bag in order to provide extra heat. Different kind of heaters can be improvised like the Hobo stove. If you want to learn how to make a Hobo Stove I recommend the guide from Practicalsurvivor.
For more detailed instructions on how to makes different kinds of emergency shelters I recommend “The SAS Survival Handbook” by John Wiseman and “Tom Browns Field Guide: Wilderness Survival” by Tom Brown Jr. For suggestion on how to use a tarp I recommend the Tarp Guide on Equipped to Survive.
Hypothermia
Hypothermia is when the body no longer can keep up with heat loss. This is not only a danger in cold climates but can also take place in rather warm climates if one is exposed to wind and rain. High altitude also makes a person more vulnerable to hypothermia. The fastest cause of hypothermia is if a person falls into freezing water during winter conditions, this can cause death in a matter of minutes. An inadequate intake from food and water increases the risk of hypothermia.
Symptoms
Fumbling, tripping and mumbling are early signs of hypothermia. This is symptoms may not be evident to you if your experiencing them yourself, it’s therefore very good if your traveling with someone how can take notice in this symptoms in a early stage. In order to keeps the body core warm the body concentrates the heat for the vital part causing skin to become pale and cold. When hypothermia becomes worse you will experience uncontrollable shivering. Even worse the hypothermia will decrease the ability to make rational decisions. Your heart rate and breathing will increases even further. When the hypothermia worseness even more the shivering will stop and the hearth rate and breathing may become so low that it’s hard to know if a person is dead or alive.
Treatment
Remove and replace cold and wet clothing and make sure that the person is covered from both the wind and rain. Give the person warm drinks and food in order to help the person regain the energy. If a person no longer can move normally you must insulate them from the ground, remove wet clothing and use all items you can find like sleeping bags, sleeping pads, blankets, and clothing to shield them from the cold. Use a tarp or some other water and wind proof material as the outer shell.
It can be hard to know if a severely hypothermic person is still alive or not, therefore always assume that a person is still alive until professional help can determine if this is the case or not. A severely hypothermic person is extremely fragile and must be handled with care; hits against the body may cause the weak breathing or heartbeats to cease. If a severely hypothermic person is being warmed to fast like if brought inside a hot sauna the cold blood from the legs and arms can flow into the body core causing death.
Clothing
When being outdoors you need clothing that protects you from the elements and allows you stay warm. One of the most important aspects is principle of dressing in different layers. This allows you to adjust your clothing to different temperatures and conditions. The first layer of base layer should be made up of a material that transports sweat from your body, dries fast and gives a good insulation. There are many kinds of synthetic and natural materials that have this function; personally I prefer Merino wool as a base layer, for underwear and socks when I’m out on hunting, hiking or camping trips. Merino wool also has a good resistance against odors, but this doesn’t mean that the material won’t start to smell after extensive use under hard conditions. Another main advantage of merino wool is that it can be washed in 40 degrees in a normal washing machine, just avoid using softeners. No matter how well a material transports moisture you will get wet by sweat in hard conditions so always bring at least one extra base layer shirt, for summer conditions I recommend that you use a short sleeve t-shirt or tank top in some kind of breathable material. There are many companies that make base layers, Smartwool, Icebreaker, Aclima and Woolpower is some of my personal favorites.
For your middle layers there are many alternatives that should reflect what kind of climate you’re in. Fleace shirts are both light weight and have a very good insulation capacity, the main disadvantage is that fleece is a rather flammable material. For situations where fire may be a risk I recommend that you chose middle layers of merino wool. Another good alternatives for middle layers is sweaters filled with down or primaloft. These middle layers take up very little space when compressed and are extremely light. The main disadvantage is that down loses its insulation when wet and that these solutions often are expensive, Klättermusen, Montane and Patagonia makes some models.
Outer Layer – Shell Jackets
The outer shell jacket should be both wind and water proof. This is important; a combination of rain and wind can cause deadly hypothermia even in warm climates. There many materials and companies that make shell jackets and shell pants. I recommend shell jackets since these have the ability to “breath” and you will not become as sweaty in a shell jacket as a regular rain jacket. However in extreme conditions it can be good to have poncho or rain clothing that’s not breathing. It’s good if your jacket is not of short model so that it really overlaps over your pants, there are also high pants called salopettes that’s excellent for extreme weather and conditions. There are many companies making high quality shell jacket and pants like The North Face, Patagonia, 66 North, Fjällräven, Haglövs, Klättermusen, Houdini and Arcteryx only to name few. You can often find cheaper clothing on outlets, yard sales, E-bay and other sources. Military surplus can also be an alternative; the main disadvantage is that camouflage clothing can make you hard to find if you need help during an emergency situation.
Hat / Watch Cap
If you don’t protect your head with a scarf and hat much heat will be lost during cold weather. What kind of hat you should use depends on your climate, but for cold weather a model with wind stopper or Gore Tex can help to protect you from wind, rain and snow. A Buff is a multifunction product that can be used as a scarf, headband, balaclava and cap to name a few applications. There are many different kinds of Buffs, some for summer use with UV protection, other models have windstooper and fleece for winter use. Personally I like the model made from merino wool for winter use. A Shemag is another interesting piece of cloth that can used as scarf, towel or as an arm sling.
Shoes and Footwear
Your shoes are one of the most important clothing details in a survival situation. What kind of shoes you should chose depends on your climate and terrain, but for hiking, camping or hunting trips I recommend some kind of hiking boot. Hiking boots are expensive but a high quality pair will make your trips a much more comfortable and pleasant experience. Make sure to try your boots when they get wet, bring extra pair of socks so that you can change them regularly. Always start wearing your boots before your planning to use in order to break them in order to prevent blisters. However, if you’re wearing a heavy pack and have to walk long distances under though conditions you may get blisters anyway so always bring a blisters kit so that you can care for your feet.
Sleeping Bags
Sleeping bag come in many variations and forms for different kinds of climates. What kind of sleeping bag you should choose depends on many factors. Most sleeping bags use either Synthetic materials or Down as an insulation material. Down is an excellent material as long as it stays dry, if it gets wet it loses it insulation so make sure that you keep it dry, a waterproof compression bag can help keeping it dry under wet conditions. Synthetic materials often have a better insulation while wet making them a better choice for rainy and wet conditions. Some sleeping bag systems use two sleeping bags, one thinner for summer and spring conditions and one thicker bag that intended for winter use. These bags can be combined to give an outstanding cold weather capacity. Some companies that manufactures high quality sleeping bags are The North Face, Klättermusen, Western Mountaineering, Snugpak and Carinthia.
Sleeping Pads
It is very important that you insulate yourself from the ground in order to stay warm; otherwise much of your body heat will be transferred to the ground. Different kinds of sleeping pads are excellent for this purpose. There are low price variants from flat foam and more expensive inflatable models, some of them using either down or synthetic materials from companies such as Therm-A-Rest and Exped. In the northern parts of Sweden reindeer skins is a common alternative to use as insulation against the ground, the major disadvantage with these is that they are heavy and bulky, but they are excellent if you have the vehicles for transport.
Shelter
In order to shield yourself from wind and rain while setting up camp you need some kind of shelter. Tents is one of the best options, a four season tent is ideal for the cold weather conditions and can be used no matter if it is a warm summer night or roaring snow storm during the winter. Bivi-Bags are small shelters that only cover you and your sleeping bag. This kind of shelter is light weight and can be easily used if there is a sudden change in the weather. The Bivanorak is a combination shelters designed for Swedish Air Force pilots as an emergency survival shelter combining the traits of a Bivi-Bag and a Poncho. The Fjellduk from Helsport and Bivi-Poncho from Exped are two similar products. Tarps is another items that can used in a number of way to create shelter in an emergency situation, personally I prefer Tents, but if you’re on a budget and in a climate where Tarps work it can be a good alternative. Practice how to set up your tent before you go out on a hike, it can be hard enough the first time. Trying this for the first time during a storm when you’re shaking from hypothermia can be disastrous. High quality light weight tarps can be bought from Hilleberg and Terra Nova.
Larger Army surplus tents can often accommodate between eight to twenty people and often comes with small wood stows making them excellent for cold weather conditions a large groups. The main disadvantage is that they are very heavy and must often be transported with vehicles, but they can often be found to relatively low price and provide a large shelter where clothing can be dried and food can be prepared in shelter. If you have the money new larger tents ban be bought from companies like Tentipi or Helsport that have room for 5 to 12 people and the options of using woods stow for heating and cooking.
Army wool blankets are a very good alternative that’s both cheap and effective. These kinds of blankets is much better than a small emergency blanket to help persons suffering from hypothermia regaining their body heat and can also be used to put out fires since wool is a very fire resistant material. The main disadvantage is that they are heavy and take up much room in your pack; however they are perfect for your home or camping trips when you have access to vehicles.
One items that easy to carry is the Emergency blanket, this is a small lightweight blanket made from materials that reflect body heat back towards the body and provides some protection against the wind and rain. The main advantage is that they have a low weight and take up very little space so they can easily be used as every day carry. However I wish to stress that I don’t recommend anyone trying to camping with just an emergency blanket as cover, this is only an emergency solution.
Heaters For Your Home
Woods stows are one of the best heaters you can find if you live in an area where wood is easily accessible. However wood must be cut and dried in order to give the maximum effect, this is hard work and requires both time and preparation. Other solutions can be systems like the Heat-Pal, Kerosene heaters or Gas Powered Heaters. The major danger from these heaters is that they can cause carbon-monoxide poisoning if not used in well ventilated areas and start fires if not carefully monitored. It can be hard to heat your entire home, if you’re moving all the people in household to the same room you can keep this room warmer than if you spread out. You can also improvise smaller shelter inside your home or even set up a smaller shelter like a tent to keep small areas warm. Thick carpets and blankets can be used to too create insulate from the cold floor indoors. If you live in a house make sure that you have a good insulation in your house, pay extra attention to the windows and doors. It can be a good idea share beds in order to share body heat during the night.
The Crisis Situation
You can sometimes find yourself in emergency with no or little warning, your car can break down, and the weather might change on hiking trip in the mountains or during longer power blackouts. If you carry a Pocket Survival Kit you will carry some items that can help you get a fire starting to provide both heat and light that can attract attention. A Survival Knife is valuable tool that can be used to improvise a shelter. Wash your cloth in order to maximize the insulation. Make sure to drink enough water, dehydration increases the risk of hypothermia, this is extra important since you may not feel thirsty in cold climates even if you are dehydrated.
The Importance Of Not Being Alone
It’s easy to ignore the symptoms of hypothermia and not take action before you are already in trouble. One of the best things you can do to increase your chances to survive is to always bring someone with you when you’re going on a camping, hiking or hunting trip that can help you look out for the signs of hypothermia. It’s always good to have an extra pair of hands when setting up a tent or shelter under hard conditions. If the worst would happen and you would get hurt in the wild an unable to call for help the company of friends can mean the difference between life and death.
Improvising
During a crisis situation you might not have equipment to shield from the elements so you might have to improvise shelter from what you can find. Use all the clothing you can find and use as many layers as possible. Remember to cover your head since much heat will be lost if you don’t do this. Paper can be used to trap extra air create extra insulation between the layers of your clothing. In nature materials like white moss can be used for clothing and spruce twigs can be used to create insulation against the ground. Gras can be used to create extra insulation for shoes. Warm stones from your fire place can be placed inside clothing in your sleeping bag in order to provide extra heat. Different kind of heaters can be improvised like the Hobo stove. If you want to learn how to make a Hobo Stove I recommend the guide from Practicalsurvivor.
For more detailed instructions on how to makes different kinds of emergency shelters I recommend “The SAS Survival Handbook” by John Wiseman and “Tom Browns Field Guide: Wilderness Survival” by Tom Brown Jr. For suggestion on how to use a tarp I recommend the Tarp Guide on Equipped to Survive.
Hypothermia
Hypothermia is when the body no longer can keep up with heat loss. This is not only a danger in cold climates but can also take place in rather warm climates if one is exposed to wind and rain. High altitude also makes a person more vulnerable to hypothermia. The fastest cause of hypothermia is if a person falls into freezing water during winter conditions, this can cause death in a matter of minutes. An inadequate intake from food and water increases the risk of hypothermia.
Symptoms
Fumbling, tripping and mumbling are early signs of hypothermia. This is symptoms may not be evident to you if your experiencing them yourself, it’s therefore very good if your traveling with someone how can take notice in this symptoms in a early stage. In order to keeps the body core warm the body concentrates the heat for the vital part causing skin to become pale and cold. When hypothermia becomes worse you will experience uncontrollable shivering. Even worse the hypothermia will decrease the ability to make rational decisions. Your heart rate and breathing will increases even further. When the hypothermia worseness even more the shivering will stop and the hearth rate and breathing may become so low that it’s hard to know if a person is dead or alive.
Treatment
Remove and replace cold and wet clothing and make sure that the person is covered from both the wind and rain. Give the person warm drinks and food in order to help the person regain the energy. If a person no longer can move normally you must insulate them from the ground, remove wet clothing and use all items you can find like sleeping bags, sleeping pads, blankets, and clothing to shield them from the cold. Use a tarp or some other water and wind proof material as the outer shell.
It can be hard to know if a severely hypothermic person is still alive or not, therefore always assume that a person is still alive until professional help can determine if this is the case or not. A severely hypothermic person is extremely fragile and must be handled with care; hits against the body may cause the weak breathing or heartbeats to cease. If a severely hypothermic person is being warmed to fast like if brought inside a hot sauna the cold blood from the legs and arms can flow into the body core causing death.
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
Light During Emergencies and Survival Situations
During a crisis situation there is many situations when different sources of light can become important tools to help you survive. This can be the case during shorter black outs or longer black outs caused by natural disasters such as storms or earthquakes. After a natural disasters or accidents there can also be a need for lights in order to perform search and rescue work, another important function for light is the ability to signal for help and attract attention. The development with LED light has greatly increased both the light output and energy efficiency of headlamps and flashlights increasing both the battery time and light output. They also have a very long life span and are much more resistant to shocks and hits. The introduction of digital regulators enables modern light to have functions such as different light outputs and functions like strobe and SOS signaling.
Flashlights
Different kinds of Flashlights are one of the best sources of lights you can find. Fenix and 4Sevens are two of the most successful new companies that manufactures flashlight and headlamps, Fenix has different flashlights that use different kinds of batteries like the 123A, AA, AAA and D-Cell. The main advantage with an AA or AAA battery flashlight is that batteries are both cheap easily accessible. The C123 batteries has a higher voltage than the AA and AAA batteries so they can often give a higher light output, the main disadvantage is that they are much more expensive than the AA batteries and harder to come by. The lights are also waterproof and come with spare parts.
Fenix
Some interesting models are the small LD-10 that uses a single AA battery, the Fenix L0D / LD01 / EO1 that uses a single AAA battery and the TK-41 that uses 8 AA batteries and have an output of 800 lumens. Fenix also makes some models that can use the 18650 rechargeable li-ion battery like the TK-11, TK-15, TK-30 and TK-35. The TK70, TK60 and TK50 are three models that use D-Cell batteries and resemble the D-Cell flashlights from Mag-Lite in form but have a significantly higher light output. These lights are relatively heavy but can be excellent as light for your Home or as a light in Vehicle.
4SevensThe company 4Sevens also makes some high quality LED flashlights similar to the models produced by Fenix like the Quark AA2, the Quark MiNi AA, Preon 1 and the Preon 2 pen light.
Surefire
Surefire is an American company that for a long time was one of the leading brands in flashlights using CR123 batteries and xenon lights that outperformed most other brands on the market. These lights had an outstanding light output compared to many other brands with the disadvantage that they had short battery time and that the lights became very warm when activated. Like other companies Surefire has started to phase out their models with normal light bulbs and starting to replace them with newer models using LED technology. The main disadvantage with the light from Surefire is that most models use the rather uncommon and expensive 123A batteries. The 6PX Pro and G2X Pro are among the best models.
Maglite
Maglite is another American flashlight manufacturer that produces some relatively cheap flashlight with a high quality. The larger D-cell Maglite flashlights have a quite large size compared to many other brands but this enables the flashlights to be used as a very effective self defense weapon. I suggest that you don’t buy the older models with normal light bulbs and instead go with newer models that used LED:s. Maglite also have two new models: the XL100 that uses three AA batteries and the XL50 that use three AAA batteries.
Other Companies
Shake Lights and Dynamo Lights are flashlight that has built in rechargeable batteries that can be charged by either shaking the light or turning a dynamo handle. These lights often have a limited power out, short battery time and low quality. However they have the advantage that you never risk running out of batteries and often a rather low price.
Headlamps
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Headlamps have the main advantage that they can be used without the use of your hands allowing you to perform other tasks like repairs, giving first aid or starting a fire in darkness without having to hold a flashlight in a hand. For some regular flashlight there are headbands that fill the same function. One very good headlamp is the Silva L1 that uses either 4 AA batteries, but it can also use 4 C-cell batteries in a belt pack. The Petzl E+ Lite is a very light headlamp that takes up very little space in a pack or in a survival kit. This headlamp has three small diod and one red diod, variable light output, a signaling mode and a small hard plastic cover. The TACTIKKA XP is another excellent Headlamp from Petzl that use three AAA batteries and comes with a number of different colored lenses.
There are also more powerful headlamps with rechargeable battery packs that is very good for more professional users or night time orienteering. The Petzl Ultra series and Silva Alpha series are two examples. Some other interesting models to check out are the Fenix HP-20 and Fenix HL-21.
Lanterns and Oil Lamps
Lanterns and Oil Lamps is excellent sources of light during an emergency situation. Most models can be used with different forms of fuel like kerosene, lamp oil or even lighter fluid. If you’re going to use the lantern indoors I recommend special lamp oil that has a weaker fragrance then regular kerosene. There are also different types of lanterns that use gas containers for fuel. I personally prefer kerosene and oil lamps. I would suggest that you use the same kind of fuel that you need for your stove. For example if you have a Jetboil stove that uses gas then you should go for a gas powered lantern, if you use a multi fuel stove then it’s better to go with a lantern that uses kerosene or lamp oil. The main disadvantage with these kinds of light sources is the risk of accidently starting a fire and the risk of CO poisoning if you use them in enclosed spaces. Make sure that you don’t place them in areas where they can fall to the ground and break, and safe away from children. A fire alarm, fire extinguisher and fire proof blanket are important items if you have these kinds of lights. If you have an oil lamp, make sure you use them in your everyday life and not only during emergencies or blackouts. If you’re using an oil lamp or kerosene lamp store both fuel and extra wicks.
Candles
Candles are an excellent source of light that have much less fragrance than kerosene and oil lanterns. There are different kinds of special long burning candles that have a burn time of several hours. UCO makes a number of special candle lanterns that’s excellent for camping and emergency situations. The original model uses candles that have a burn time of 9 hours and there is also an additional kerosene/lamp oil conversion piece that can be inserted so the lantern that use both emergency candles and lamp oil. Candles just like kerosene lamps present the risk of fire so it is important that you only place candles at safe places and that you use some kind of fire resistant holders. Fire resistant holder can be improvised from tin cans, glass jars and other items.
Chemical Light Sticks
Chemical lights sticks is plastic cylinders filled with chemical that mixes when they are broken and then generate light without creating heat. They are also waterproof and relatively cheap to buy. These items are valuable to have in your home, vehicle, first aid kit both for signaling and for light. The main disadvantage is that if they are sensitive to shocks and must be securely packed so that they don’t break. They don’t have the same light intensity as emergency flares but don’t have the same danger of accidently starting fires, most of the produce light somewhere between 6 and 12 hours after they have been activated.
Emergency Flares
Handheld emergency flares burns and creates strong light that is very useful for signaling for help in a survival situation. The main disadvantage is the risk of accidently starting a fire when using the flare and the risk of burns. But on the other hand the flare can also be useful to start a fire during an emergency as well as for signaling. Aerial flares can be particular useful on marine vessels for signaling.
Batteries
I suggest that you try to go get equipment that uses the same kind of batteries, so that you can use the same batteries for you flashlights, headlamps, GPS, emergency radio etc. What kind of batteries you should choose depends on your budget and situation. Lithium batteries have a very high capacity and performs better in cold weather than normal batteries but are much more expensive. Rechargeable batteries in general have a smaller capacity than high performance batteries but can be recharged many times; there are solar chargers for rechargeable batteries that can be useful duuring longer hiking and hunting trips or during long term emergencies.
Key Chain Lights
Today small led lights that’s fits perfect on a keychain can be bought for a low price. These models may not have a very powerful light output but have a rather good battery life and have the main advantage that they take up very little space and that you always can carry one with you, making them perfect for Every Day Carry or as component in a Pocket Survival Kit. More high quality key chain light can be bought such as the rechargeable model Skylight from Exped that uses solar panels to recharge, the Nano Light and Key-Mate from Streamlight and the Photon Micro Light, Photon Micro-Light II, Photon ReX Rechargeable and the rechargeable Skylight LED lamp with solarpanels from Exped.
Light Discipline
For the most times lights is a useful thing during survival and emergency situations both to provide the possibility to see during nights and the ability to signal for help. However there are situations when lights can attract unwanted attention; however this is mostly a problem in high risk areas or conflict zones. If you’re reading a map during the night you can use a poncho, jacket or tarp to cover the map while reading it. Red filters give flashlights a softer light that don’t attract as much attention and help to preserve the night vision. Night visions goggles are very good items that allows you see in low light settings without producing light that can give your positions away, the main disadvantage with these items is that they are very expensive.
Other sources of light during a survival situation can be regular lighters, matches, fire, a cell phone display or a campfire. A generator can provide power for your regular lights, freezer, radio etc during a black out. How many lights you should get and what type depends on your personal situation. In general I would advice that you have at least two different forms of emergency light sources in your home and a flashlight or headlamp in your car. Go with items that fit your budget, if you’re running during the nights get a headlamp instead of a flashlight and use the oil lamps and candles in your normal life, the items should fill a function not only for emergencies but also for everyday life.
Flashlights
Different kinds of Flashlights are one of the best sources of lights you can find. Fenix and 4Sevens are two of the most successful new companies that manufactures flashlight and headlamps, Fenix has different flashlights that use different kinds of batteries like the 123A, AA, AAA and D-Cell. The main advantage with an AA or AAA battery flashlight is that batteries are both cheap easily accessible. The C123 batteries has a higher voltage than the AA and AAA batteries so they can often give a higher light output, the main disadvantage is that they are much more expensive than the AA batteries and harder to come by. The lights are also waterproof and come with spare parts.
Fenix
Some interesting models are the small LD-10 that uses a single AA battery, the Fenix L0D / LD01 / EO1 that uses a single AAA battery and the TK-41 that uses 8 AA batteries and have an output of 800 lumens. Fenix also makes some models that can use the 18650 rechargeable li-ion battery like the TK-11, TK-15, TK-30 and TK-35. The TK70, TK60 and TK50 are three models that use D-Cell batteries and resemble the D-Cell flashlights from Mag-Lite in form but have a significantly higher light output. These lights are relatively heavy but can be excellent as light for your Home or as a light in Vehicle.
4SevensThe company 4Sevens also makes some high quality LED flashlights similar to the models produced by Fenix like the Quark AA2, the Quark MiNi AA, Preon 1 and the Preon 2 pen light.
Surefire
Surefire is an American company that for a long time was one of the leading brands in flashlights using CR123 batteries and xenon lights that outperformed most other brands on the market. These lights had an outstanding light output compared to many other brands with the disadvantage that they had short battery time and that the lights became very warm when activated. Like other companies Surefire has started to phase out their models with normal light bulbs and starting to replace them with newer models using LED technology. The main disadvantage with the light from Surefire is that most models use the rather uncommon and expensive 123A batteries. The 6PX Pro and G2X Pro are among the best models.
Maglite
Maglite is another American flashlight manufacturer that produces some relatively cheap flashlight with a high quality. The larger D-cell Maglite flashlights have a quite large size compared to many other brands but this enables the flashlights to be used as a very effective self defense weapon. I suggest that you don’t buy the older models with normal light bulbs and instead go with newer models that used LED:s. Maglite also have two new models: the XL100 that uses three AA batteries and the XL50 that use three AAA batteries.
Other Companies
There are also other interesting companies that make high quality flashlights like Sunwayman, iTP Light, Olight and NiteCore.
Anglelights
Some flashlights are designed so that the reflector on the flashlight has an angle of around 90 degree from the main body of the flashlight. This makes the flashlights particular good for attaching on a molle vest or the shoulder straps on a backpack. Streamlight has a model called Sidewinder that has a main LED diod and some smaller diods with red light, blue light and infra red light that uses two conventional AA batteries. This light also has Strobe function. The Sidewinder also come in a more compact version: The Sidewinder Compact that use a single 123A battery, this light can be used as a headlamp or be mounted on a helmet. Fenix has the model called MC-10 that uses a single AA battery, various light output and a strobe function. The Texas based company ZebraLight makes a number of compact angle lights that uses a single AA battery. These lights are very compact and excellent for Every Day Carry. They also come with headbands so that they can be used as headlamps and clips so that they can be attached to vests or backpacks.
Shake Lights and Dynamo LightsShake Lights and Dynamo Lights are flashlight that has built in rechargeable batteries that can be charged by either shaking the light or turning a dynamo handle. These lights often have a limited power out, short battery time and low quality. However they have the advantage that you never risk running out of batteries and often a rather low price.
Headlamps
Headlamps have the main advantage that they can be used without the use of your hands allowing you to perform other tasks like repairs, giving first aid or starting a fire in darkness without having to hold a flashlight in a hand. For some regular flashlight there are headbands that fill the same function. One very good headlamp is the Silva L1 that uses either 4 AA batteries, but it can also use 4 C-cell batteries in a belt pack. The Petzl E+ Lite is a very light headlamp that takes up very little space in a pack or in a survival kit. This headlamp has three small diod and one red diod, variable light output, a signaling mode and a small hard plastic cover. The TACTIKKA XP is another excellent Headlamp from Petzl that use three AAA batteries and comes with a number of different colored lenses.
There are also more powerful headlamps with rechargeable battery packs that is very good for more professional users or night time orienteering. The Petzl Ultra series and Silva Alpha series are two examples. Some other interesting models to check out are the Fenix HP-20 and Fenix HL-21.
Lanterns and Oil Lamps
Lanterns and Oil Lamps is excellent sources of light during an emergency situation. Most models can be used with different forms of fuel like kerosene, lamp oil or even lighter fluid. If you’re going to use the lantern indoors I recommend special lamp oil that has a weaker fragrance then regular kerosene. There are also different types of lanterns that use gas containers for fuel. I personally prefer kerosene and oil lamps. I would suggest that you use the same kind of fuel that you need for your stove. For example if you have a Jetboil stove that uses gas then you should go for a gas powered lantern, if you use a multi fuel stove then it’s better to go with a lantern that uses kerosene or lamp oil. The main disadvantage with these kinds of light sources is the risk of accidently starting a fire and the risk of CO poisoning if you use them in enclosed spaces. Make sure that you don’t place them in areas where they can fall to the ground and break, and safe away from children. A fire alarm, fire extinguisher and fire proof blanket are important items if you have these kinds of lights. If you have an oil lamp, make sure you use them in your everyday life and not only during emergencies or blackouts. If you’re using an oil lamp or kerosene lamp store both fuel and extra wicks.
Candles
Candles are an excellent source of light that have much less fragrance than kerosene and oil lanterns. There are different kinds of special long burning candles that have a burn time of several hours. UCO makes a number of special candle lanterns that’s excellent for camping and emergency situations. The original model uses candles that have a burn time of 9 hours and there is also an additional kerosene/lamp oil conversion piece that can be inserted so the lantern that use both emergency candles and lamp oil. Candles just like kerosene lamps present the risk of fire so it is important that you only place candles at safe places and that you use some kind of fire resistant holders. Fire resistant holder can be improvised from tin cans, glass jars and other items.
Chemical Light Sticks
Chemical lights sticks is plastic cylinders filled with chemical that mixes when they are broken and then generate light without creating heat. They are also waterproof and relatively cheap to buy. These items are valuable to have in your home, vehicle, first aid kit both for signaling and for light. The main disadvantage is that if they are sensitive to shocks and must be securely packed so that they don’t break. They don’t have the same light intensity as emergency flares but don’t have the same danger of accidently starting fires, most of the produce light somewhere between 6 and 12 hours after they have been activated.
Emergency Flares
Handheld emergency flares burns and creates strong light that is very useful for signaling for help in a survival situation. The main disadvantage is the risk of accidently starting a fire when using the flare and the risk of burns. But on the other hand the flare can also be useful to start a fire during an emergency as well as for signaling. Aerial flares can be particular useful on marine vessels for signaling.
Batteries
I suggest that you try to go get equipment that uses the same kind of batteries, so that you can use the same batteries for you flashlights, headlamps, GPS, emergency radio etc. What kind of batteries you should choose depends on your budget and situation. Lithium batteries have a very high capacity and performs better in cold weather than normal batteries but are much more expensive. Rechargeable batteries in general have a smaller capacity than high performance batteries but can be recharged many times; there are solar chargers for rechargeable batteries that can be useful duuring longer hiking and hunting trips or during long term emergencies.
Key Chain Lights
Today small led lights that’s fits perfect on a keychain can be bought for a low price. These models may not have a very powerful light output but have a rather good battery life and have the main advantage that they take up very little space and that you always can carry one with you, making them perfect for Every Day Carry or as component in a Pocket Survival Kit. More high quality key chain light can be bought such as the rechargeable model Skylight from Exped that uses solar panels to recharge, the Nano Light and Key-Mate from Streamlight and the Photon Micro Light, Photon Micro-Light II, Photon ReX Rechargeable and the rechargeable Skylight LED lamp with solarpanels from Exped.
Light Discipline
For the most times lights is a useful thing during survival and emergency situations both to provide the possibility to see during nights and the ability to signal for help. However there are situations when lights can attract unwanted attention; however this is mostly a problem in high risk areas or conflict zones. If you’re reading a map during the night you can use a poncho, jacket or tarp to cover the map while reading it. Red filters give flashlights a softer light that don’t attract as much attention and help to preserve the night vision. Night visions goggles are very good items that allows you see in low light settings without producing light that can give your positions away, the main disadvantage with these items is that they are very expensive.
Other sources of light during a survival situation can be regular lighters, matches, fire, a cell phone display or a campfire. A generator can provide power for your regular lights, freezer, radio etc during a black out. How many lights you should get and what type depends on your personal situation. In general I would advice that you have at least two different forms of emergency light sources in your home and a flashlight or headlamp in your car. Go with items that fit your budget, if you’re running during the nights get a headlamp instead of a flashlight and use the oil lamps and candles in your normal life, the items should fill a function not only for emergencies but also for everyday life.
Sunday, March 21, 2010
Introduction - Westfalia and Sibi Totique
I’m a man around thirty year of age the lives in the northern part o Scandinavia. I have always been interested in hunting, camping, hiking, fishing, outdoors activities and survival. I’m currently studying for my master degree in political science. In my Blog I try to combine the best from my interest in survival with the perspectives I have gained through my studies. It’s my hope that by using this perspective I can add something to new to field of survival and crisis preparedness. The name that I have chosen for my alias is a name game for Westphalia, or more exactly the Peace of Westphalia 1648 that marked the end of the Thirty Years War. This peace marks the beginning of the modern international system with sovereign states for many scholars.
The name of the blog Sibi Totique is Latin and can be translated to “For Himself and Everyone”. This motto was used by Benedict Arnold for a store that he used to own. Arnold was a central figure during the American Revolution. In the beginning of the revolution Benedict played a very central part in the struggle for independence only to later betray the cause that he initially fought for. Had Arnold died when he was wounded in the Battle for Saratoga he would most likely have been remembered as one of the greatest patriots in American history, but instead he is now forever remembered as a traitor to the cause. For me Arnold represent both the best and the worst of human nature; Hero, Traitor and Patriot. An imperfect man that represents the best and worse in all of us, I do not agree with everything Arnold did but I do think that something can be learned from the motto Sibi Totique.
I initially started the Blog because of the lack of possibility to edit older posts on the Survivalistboards. My goal with this blog is to take a deeper look at the threats and risks that exists in today’s world and present different perspectives and solutions for these problems. The information on the blog will always be free for those how would like to access it. If you would like to make a reference to any of the information on the blog I would like that you present where you have found this information. I hope that that the people how read this blog will be able to find some of the information useful and that you will gain some new perspectives and ideas. The Information on this page only represents my own opinion and not the opinion of anyone else. Suggestions for different subjects that you would like me to cover on the blog are always welcome. Feedback, good or bad is also welcome. I would also like to thank those how have been reading the blog and giving me feedback as well as the members of the Survivalistboards from how I learned much new knowledge. In a long perspective it is my goal to link the different chapters that I written on the blog together so that they will form a Free Online Survival Guide.
The name of the blog Sibi Totique is Latin and can be translated to “For Himself and Everyone”. This motto was used by Benedict Arnold for a store that he used to own. Arnold was a central figure during the American Revolution. In the beginning of the revolution Benedict played a very central part in the struggle for independence only to later betray the cause that he initially fought for. Had Arnold died when he was wounded in the Battle for Saratoga he would most likely have been remembered as one of the greatest patriots in American history, but instead he is now forever remembered as a traitor to the cause. For me Arnold represent both the best and the worst of human nature; Hero, Traitor and Patriot. An imperfect man that represents the best and worse in all of us, I do not agree with everything Arnold did but I do think that something can be learned from the motto Sibi Totique.
I initially started the Blog because of the lack of possibility to edit older posts on the Survivalistboards. My goal with this blog is to take a deeper look at the threats and risks that exists in today’s world and present different perspectives and solutions for these problems. The information on the blog will always be free for those how would like to access it. If you would like to make a reference to any of the information on the blog I would like that you present where you have found this information. I hope that that the people how read this blog will be able to find some of the information useful and that you will gain some new perspectives and ideas. The Information on this page only represents my own opinion and not the opinion of anyone else. Suggestions for different subjects that you would like me to cover on the blog are always welcome. Feedback, good or bad is also welcome. I would also like to thank those how have been reading the blog and giving me feedback as well as the members of the Survivalistboards from how I learned much new knowledge. In a long perspective it is my goal to link the different chapters that I written on the blog together so that they will form a Free Online Survival Guide.
Monday, March 15, 2010
Natural Disasters – Volcanoes
One of the most visually impressive natural disasters is volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions can send burning lava, ashes and fire through the air. Some of the dangers from a volcano are Pyroclastic bombs. A volcano can send balls of molten lava for great distances that can kill people suddenly far away from a volcanic eruption. They can be hurled over 10 miles from a volcano, killing people and starting fire to buildings. The heat from a volcano can cause snow and ice on a volcano to melt very fast and create a landslide of water, mud, rock and volcanic ash, this is often called lahars. A volcano sometime created a cloud of hot gases and pulverized volcanic rock that can travel at very high speeds down from a volcano destroying everything that it affects, this is often called pyroclastic clouds. This is one of the major dangers from a volcano and is a danger that it very hard to escape if you still find yourself in proximity to a volcano in case of an eruption. The gas that’s emitted from a volcano can both be irritating but can reach a concentration so high that it can be lethal. In some cases a major volcanic eruptions can cause devastating tsunamis that can kill people far away from the eruption. Ashes from volcanoes can severely damage infrastructure and block roads, airports, rivers and railways.
Timeline
79 The volcano Vesuvius in Italy had a devastating eruption. The two roman cities Pompeii and Herculaeum was destroyed and it is estimated that as many as 25.000 may have died in the eruption. Pyroclastic flows, lava and volcanic ashes destroyed the towns. Some of the skeletons found in Herculaeum have been found buried with the former inhabitants frozen in positions from their everyday work. This is one of the most famous volcanic eruptions in history.
1792 Unzen in Japan had a devastating eruption that resulted in a tsunami killing more than 15.000 people. This is one of the worst disasters in Japanese history.
1821 A devastating eruption took place on Iceland. The eruption covered over 500 square kilometers with lava and enormous amounts of gases and volcanic ash affected large parts of northern Europe. A large number of cattle died and famine followed. Around 20% of the Islands 50.000 inhabitants died from the following famine. A previous large eruption had taken place 1612.
1883 The Volcanic eruption on Krakatau in Indonesia resulted in the deaths of 35.000 to over a 100.000 people from both the direct effects and a devastating tsunami that was created by the explosive eruption that could be heard for over 3.000 km away. The Tsunami devastated many islands and coastal areas, none of the around 3.000 people living on the Island Sebesi survived.
1902 Mont Pelee in the Caribbean had a devastating eruption. The eruption caused a pyroclastic cloud that totally destroyed the city of Saint-Pierre and it was first sad that only two persons in the city that had around 30.000 inhabitants survived. Many wounded died later from the burns contracted by the pyroclastic cloud.
1980 Mount St Helens in the state of Washington had a devastating eruption that released as much energy as a 24 megaton nuclear weapon. The volcano lost 400m in height from the eruption that killed 62 people, two of them volcanologists. There was also extensive damage to the infrastructure in the area and road was blocked from the volcanic ashes released from the eruption. The area surrounding the volcano had been evacuated, a action that seriously reduced the loss of human lives.
1982 a volcanic eruptions at El Chichon in Mexico created a pyroclastic cloud that traveled downwards from all sides of the volcano and destroyed a number of villages, killing around 2000 people.
1985 the Nevado Del Ruiz volcanic eruption resulted in around 24.000 dead in Colombia. The Volcano melted ice and snow that resulted in devastating lahars that hit the areas and valleys surrounding the volcano. The lahars almost completely destroyed the city of Armero and more than half of the population was killed. A similar outbreak in the same location had taken place in 1895.
1986 in Cameron, Africa 1700 died after the volcanic activity at the Lake Nyos released high amounts of Gas. A high number of life stock died as well but there was no physical destruction like usually is associated with volcanic eruptions.
1991 The Japanese Volcano Unzen had another eruption that resulted in around 40 deaths.
1993 Galeras in Colombia had a sudden small eruption that resulted in the deaths of 6 scientists and 3 tourists.
2002 Mount Nyiragongo in Zaire, Africa had a eruption that sent lava flows through the city Goma. 45 died and over 100.000 homeless became homeless.
2010 A large volcanic eruption from a volcano under the glacier Eyjafjallajokull on Iceland has created a large cloud of volcanic ash that has resulted in severe problems for air traffic in large parts of Europe.
Risk and Survival
Volcanic eruptions is unpredictable events that can take place after thousands of years giving residents that surround them a sense of false security. If you live near a volcano I suggest you should take actions to understand the different kinds of risks that you may be facing. What history does the volcano have and what has these events resulted in? How are warnings given from local government agencies? Most volcanoes in the world are monitored by experts so eruptions can often be foreseen and the areas evacuated.
It’s very hard to shield from the devastating effects that a volcano can create so it is very important that you leave the area if you are in the proximity of a volcano when a warning about coming eruptions is given. It is common that people instead move to the area in order to see the visual effects of the eruption and thereby putting themselves in harm’s way. Volcanologists may often provide information that saves others but they are a group that especially find themselves at risks and deaths are common. Always takes warning serious and don’t wait to evacuate.
· During an evacuation scenario a Bug Out Bag or Get Home Bag can be useful tools to help you deal with this type of situation.
Timeline
79 The volcano Vesuvius in Italy had a devastating eruption. The two roman cities Pompeii and Herculaeum was destroyed and it is estimated that as many as 25.000 may have died in the eruption. Pyroclastic flows, lava and volcanic ashes destroyed the towns. Some of the skeletons found in Herculaeum have been found buried with the former inhabitants frozen in positions from their everyday work. This is one of the most famous volcanic eruptions in history.
1792 Unzen in Japan had a devastating eruption that resulted in a tsunami killing more than 15.000 people. This is one of the worst disasters in Japanese history.
1821 A devastating eruption took place on Iceland. The eruption covered over 500 square kilometers with lava and enormous amounts of gases and volcanic ash affected large parts of northern Europe. A large number of cattle died and famine followed. Around 20% of the Islands 50.000 inhabitants died from the following famine. A previous large eruption had taken place 1612.
1883 The Volcanic eruption on Krakatau in Indonesia resulted in the deaths of 35.000 to over a 100.000 people from both the direct effects and a devastating tsunami that was created by the explosive eruption that could be heard for over 3.000 km away. The Tsunami devastated many islands and coastal areas, none of the around 3.000 people living on the Island Sebesi survived.
1902 Mont Pelee in the Caribbean had a devastating eruption. The eruption caused a pyroclastic cloud that totally destroyed the city of Saint-Pierre and it was first sad that only two persons in the city that had around 30.000 inhabitants survived. Many wounded died later from the burns contracted by the pyroclastic cloud.
1980 Mount St Helens in the state of Washington had a devastating eruption that released as much energy as a 24 megaton nuclear weapon. The volcano lost 400m in height from the eruption that killed 62 people, two of them volcanologists. There was also extensive damage to the infrastructure in the area and road was blocked from the volcanic ashes released from the eruption. The area surrounding the volcano had been evacuated, a action that seriously reduced the loss of human lives.
1982 a volcanic eruptions at El Chichon in Mexico created a pyroclastic cloud that traveled downwards from all sides of the volcano and destroyed a number of villages, killing around 2000 people.
1985 the Nevado Del Ruiz volcanic eruption resulted in around 24.000 dead in Colombia. The Volcano melted ice and snow that resulted in devastating lahars that hit the areas and valleys surrounding the volcano. The lahars almost completely destroyed the city of Armero and more than half of the population was killed. A similar outbreak in the same location had taken place in 1895.
1986 in Cameron, Africa 1700 died after the volcanic activity at the Lake Nyos released high amounts of Gas. A high number of life stock died as well but there was no physical destruction like usually is associated with volcanic eruptions.
1991 The Japanese Volcano Unzen had another eruption that resulted in around 40 deaths.
1993 Galeras in Colombia had a sudden small eruption that resulted in the deaths of 6 scientists and 3 tourists.
2002 Mount Nyiragongo in Zaire, Africa had a eruption that sent lava flows through the city Goma. 45 died and over 100.000 homeless became homeless.
2010 A large volcanic eruption from a volcano under the glacier Eyjafjallajokull on Iceland has created a large cloud of volcanic ash that has resulted in severe problems for air traffic in large parts of Europe.
Risk and Survival
Volcanic eruptions is unpredictable events that can take place after thousands of years giving residents that surround them a sense of false security. If you live near a volcano I suggest you should take actions to understand the different kinds of risks that you may be facing. What history does the volcano have and what has these events resulted in? How are warnings given from local government agencies? Most volcanoes in the world are monitored by experts so eruptions can often be foreseen and the areas evacuated.
It’s very hard to shield from the devastating effects that a volcano can create so it is very important that you leave the area if you are in the proximity of a volcano when a warning about coming eruptions is given. It is common that people instead move to the area in order to see the visual effects of the eruption and thereby putting themselves in harm’s way. Volcanologists may often provide information that saves others but they are a group that especially find themselves at risks and deaths are common. Always takes warning serious and don’t wait to evacuate.
· During an evacuation scenario a Bug Out Bag or Get Home Bag can be useful tools to help you deal with this type of situation.
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